DEFINITION TO WHAT IS AN ULCER

WHAT IS AN ULCER? 

Ulcers are holes that form in the lining of the upper part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. When they occur in the stomach, they are called gastric ulcers. If they form in the first part of your small intestine, the duodenum, they are referred to as duodenal ulcers.

“An ulcer is a wound in the lining of the stomach or duodenum, but really any part of the gastrointestinal tract can ulcerate,” explains Patrick I. Okolo, III, MD, MPH, chief of endoscopy at Johns Hopkins Hospital and assistant professor of gastroenterology and herpetology at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in Baltimore. “It’s a chronic injury where the lining has been disrupted. However, when people refer to an ulcer they are usually referring to peptic ulcer disease.” The word peptic refers to digestion. A peptic ulcer is the umbrella term for all types of GI ulcers.

Technically an ulcer is at least 0.5 centimeters wide, but can be much larger. Duodenal ulcers mainly occur in people between 20 and 50 years old and gastric ulcers typically appear in people over age 40. Duodenal ulcers are about four times more common than gastric ulcers. 

           FORMATION OF ULCER IN THE STOMACH

Your stomach is a very hostile environment because of the acids that help in digestion, acids that are as toxic as car battery acid. The lining of your stomach and duodenum usually is well-protected from these acids by a layer of mucus.

Peptic ulcer disease begins when a weakness in your stomach or intestinal lining allows acid to create an erosion or sore in the lining. It is the most common type of stomach disease, according to the American Gastroenterology Association.

“We know that ulcers occur because there has been a disruption in the balance of factors that injure the digestive tract and those factors that protect it from injury,” says Dr. Okolo.

Basically, the factors that injure your stomach lining become stronger or more numerous than those that protect it.

The cause of about two out of every three ulcers is the bacterium Helicobacter pylori. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen, naproxen, and aspirin are another common ulcer cause; they damage the protective mucus layer of the GI tract. 

             SYMPTOMS OF ULCER FORMATION

At first you may only feel mild discomfort (technically referred to as “epigastric pain”) in the pit of your stomach, about halfway between your ribs and your navel.

Without treatment, your ulcer can continue to grow, become very painful, and may bleed. If not treated early, it may eat entirely through the lining of your stomach or intestine (this is called a perforated ulcer) and need surgery to repair. At its worst, a perforated ulcer may lead to significant bleeding and death.

If you have multiple recurrent ulcers, they can cause swelling and scarring as they heal, which may one day cause problems with your digestion. You may:

• Lose your appetite and be unable to eat a normal amount
• Start vomiting because of a complete blockage by scar tissue
• Shed pounds unintentionally

The good news is that if you work with your doctor to care for your ulcer, it will heal before any severe complications occur.

                    WHAT IS A STOMACH ULCER?        

Stomach ulcers are painful sores that can be found in the stomach lining or small intestine. Stomach ulcers are also known as peptic ulcers. They occur when the thick layer of mucus that protects your stomach from digestive juices is reduced.

According to the American Gastroenterological Association, an estimated four million people have stomach ulcers and one in 10 people will develop the condition over their lifetime.

Stomach ulcers are easily cured; however they can become severe without treatment.

                WHAT CAUSES STOMACH ULCERS?

Stomach ulcers are not necessarily caused by one single factor. The decrease in the stomach’s mucus lining that leads to an ulcer is commonly caused by:

• An infection with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori.
• long-term use in excess of the recommended dosage of no steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin and ibuprofen
• Zollinger-Ellison syndrome—a rare disease that makes the body produce excess stomach acid

Certain factors and behaviors put people at higher risk for developing stomach ulcers:

• smoking
• frequent use of steroids (such as those for treating asthma)
• hypocalcaemia (overproduction of calcium)
• family history of stomach ulcers
• being over 50 years old
• excessive consumption of alcohol

             SYMPTOMS OF STOMACH ULCERS

There are a number of symptoms associated with stomach ulcers. The severity of the symptoms depends on the severity of the ulcer. The most common symptom is a burning sensation or pain in the area between your chest and belly button. Normally, the pain will be more intense when your stomach is empty and it can last for a few minutes or several hours.

Other common symptoms include:

·            dull, burning pain in the stomach

·            weight loss

·            not wanting to eat because of pain

·            nausea or vomiting

·            bloating

·            burping

·            heartburn (burning sensation in the chest)

·            pain improves when you eat, drink , or take antacids

Talk to your doctor if you experience symptoms of a stomach ulcer. Even though discomfort may be mild, ulcers can get worse if they aren’t treated.