INADEQUATE SUPPLY OF
POTABLE WATER AND ITS IMPLICATION ON HEALTH OF MAN A CASE STUDY OF IKOLE LOCAL
GOVERNMENT EKITI STATE
ABSTRACT
This study was a survey of the inadequate supply of potable
water and its health implication on man a case study ikole local government
area of ekiti state. The study investigate the following research questions.
1.
What are the source of water supply in the area?
2.
What are the causes of water supply in the area?
3.
What are the social problem associated with
scarcity of water supply in the area?
4.
What are the economic problems associated in the
area?
5.
What are possible ways of minimizing the
problems associated with the scarcity supply?
The
study made use of 100 respondents while questionnaire were used percentage was
used from the analysis of data collected
The
study revealed that water supply to the area was not sufficient it was
discovered that;
a) Unprotected
water source like rivers, streams/lakes and dug up wells were the main source
of water supply to the inhabitants of the area.
b) There
was poor governmental funding of water scheme, low self-help effort and there
was high population in the area.
c) There
was high incident rate of water borne diseases and poor hygiene, which are
social problem in the area.
d) Poverty,
poor agricultural yields and unemployment were brought about by the scarcity of
water supply in the area.
e) There
were suggestion made by the respondent at minimizing the problem created by the
scarcity of water supply in the area.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.0
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Water as a gift of nature which is generally believed to
have no enemy, this believe arose from the simple fact that it occurs
abundantly on our god give planet earth. Water is very essential to man, animal
and plants of all the earths essential element that support life such as food,
shelter e.t.c water is of greatest
important in ancient time’s availability of source of water played significant
role in human settlement. People settled very close to lakes, river and natural
spring’s stream and to mention just a few to enable them have access to those
service of water supply for drinking and other domestic purpose and for waiting
of plants (irrigation).
Although three quarters of the earth’s surface
is covered with water, the greatest part of this water is founding the oceans
and seas, this water is saline and this renders the water in them unpalatable
and unwholesome for human consumption.
The
amount of fresh water contained in all the lakes, river, pools, stream and in
the underground less than 1% of the world’s water stock. As a result of this
provision of adequateand safe water to the semi-urban dwellers is still a major
problem up till now in most part of the world.
Water
requirements of an individual very consider by depending on the climate and the
life style of such individual large quantity of water are required when water
is used for cooking, washing, personal hygiene, laundry and house cleaning.
Without
doubt, potable, wholesome, palatable and accessible water , supply with proper
sanitation is very important factor in attaining health per all by the year
2014 and beyond. The main river is the Niger, while others rivers/streams includes
ikogosi, demilejede, emure, ila-ore, all at which are tourist attraction are
tourist attraction are the agbado, itoko, ero-mode, igannah status at the
market square. The area usually experience annual rainfall of 1500 annual
temperature of 28% it has about 39.79 square kilometer and a population of
about 2.1million.
The
mode of transportation within and outside the area include crude oil, coal and
latent plus some water resource. The area has general hospital and a well furnished
child clinic and about 50 other health institution manage by the local
government council private clinic maternity
home and dispensaries equally exist in different part of the
constitution after catering for the health need of the people, they have about
56 L.G.A primary school spread across the area eight government grant aided
secondary school and private owned, ther are two major higher institution site
at ikole town the university of agriculture and crown polytechnic ikole.
1.1
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Ikole is one of the recognition part of Ekiti State Nigeria
on the eastern part of the Niger river in the middle belt region of Nigeria,
idah is the headquarter of egbe-oba kingdom where traditional rulers the oba of
egbe-oba is sited.
Ikole
is also a small Local Government area with an adequate area of 36km2 around
the town and a population of 79815 at the 2006 census. The post code of the
area was 27 ikole is an old river part lies on the eastern bank of the river
Niger of 7.05 latitude [N] 6-45[E] it has commercial routes in the river Niger
linking Ado State capital to the north of the the country and out in osun
state, of the south otun kwara state, the Nigeria to the western population
primarily egbe oba.
The
ancident town of ikole was the headquarter of old egbe oba native authority
ikole division and after the ondo state local government administration of a
local government housed several district of ikole isaba, usin, otunja, ara,
ijesa isu some of those district became local governmental headquarter some
years later in 1989 isaba local government with headquarter at usin was created
in 1996, ibaji and ijesa isu local government are were also created with headquarter at ara orin
respectively. Basically speaking ikole is one of the oldest town in Nigeria
which was founded in 21th centry is still the present day administration
headquarter of ikole local government area and the capital base of oba’s.
The
name ikole was derived from problems and troubles which were being experienced
between the children of our akole and ugbegbe, they could not resolve their
difference, so they name ikole after resolving the problems and quarrel before
their father so in ikole it means “IJOGBON” meaning it is over what they are
referring to was their problem and quarrel has been resolve.
Ikole
local government area is presently one of the sixteen [16] local government
area in ekiti state and is situation in eastern part of the state it is
bounded. To the north within the state by ido-osi local government area and
part of ilejemeje district. To the southern part of ikole is kwara state and
naturally bounded in the western part by river between ikole and ondo.
The
present ikole constituency is divided into three major districts for
administrative convenience. Those are ikole native town, ikole water side and
oke ijebu water side and oke ijebu districts, ikole native town districts
comprises of settlements indigenous with high population density in difference
area based on their ancestral desert such area are ilejemeje, ido osi, ikogosi
water side districted also as high concentration of people residing in places
previously occupied activities that were associated with foreign trade across
the river niger by john holt company.
The
major means of live hood of the people of ikole constituency are trading
farming and hunting. Although many sons and daughter of the area are public
servant, the religious the common physical features of the land are river
valley, forest and highest land is about 1700meters [5200feet’s] above the sea
level.
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
The problem of water supply in ikole town is an age long one
up till date; the town has no any reliable source of water supply. During the
dry season i.e between the November and april, inhabitants of the town spend
their scare resources on buying water. Other to travel as far as to 5
kilometers in search of potable water.
The
only water project in the town has been abandoned for some many years, because
of the inadequate supply of wholesome water, numerous water related disease are
prevalent in the town. The reason was that people only make use of the little
water available to them from doubtful sources.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The
project work is concerned with the causes and effect of inadequate water supply
as it affects ikole town alone. It looks into the sources of water available to
the community whether adequate or not the general affects it has on the town.
It looks into ways of minimizing the problem.
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The
purpose of the study isn to implore ways by which acute water shortage that is
associated with ikole town.
OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
1.
To identify the sources of water supply in ikole
town.
2.
To ascertain whether these sources are adequate
and wholesome.
3.
To identify the causes of inadequate water
supply in the town.
4.
To find out if inadequate water supply
contribute to spread of disease in the town.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This
research work is important in the following ways:
a)
It will help the community to appreciate the
magnitude of risk to their health posed by inadequate water supply.
b)
It will also provide accurate information to the
government on the extent of water problem facing the town and the urgent need
to help the community.
c)
It will also make individuals, groups,
philanthropist and the community itself look into ways of improving the water
supply situation of the town.
d)
The research is also relevant to all those who
are interest in carrying out research on water supply.
RESEARCH QUESTION 1
1.
Does inadequate water supply contribute to the
spread of disease?
2.
Does lack of found cause inadequate water
supply?
3.
Does water table in ikole very deep for sinking
bore holes and drilling of wells ?
4.
Does ikole people have facilities for harvesting
and storing rain water ?
CHAPTER TWO
2.0
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 DEFINITION
OF WATER
Water can be defined as a substances which is composed of
two element, which are hydrogen and oxygen in ration two to one [2:1]. It can
also be defined as a chemical substances or compound consisting of two
molecules of hydrogen and one molecules of oxygen, it chemical 1 formula is H2O.
it is of equal importance with the air we breath in, as it help to maintain the
process necessary to life growth.
Water is known to exist in three states which are;
I.
Solid state
II.
Liquid state
III.
Gaseous state
1.
Solid state: - water is said to be in solid
state when it is subjected to a temperature of about 0Oc or 32Of.
the process is kown as freezing and the point at which it freeze is the
freezing point. In the process of freezing , the water form the shape of the
con tainer.
2.
Liquid state: - water is in it liquid state when
it is at 20Oc to 90Oc. it is this state that water can be use for numerous purpose
which is meant for.
3.
Gaseous state: - occur at the boiling point of
water which is at 100Oc or 212Oc. the process is known as
evaporation because it produces steam and vapour.
Hence,
the various state in which water may exist is just influenced by the variation
in temperature which it is subjected to at that time.
2.2 SOURCES OF
WATER
The
sources of water can be classified into three which are:
1.
Surface water sources
2.
Underground water source
3.
Atmospheric water sources
SURFACE
WATER SOURCES
Surface
water is water sources found in the surface of the earth such as streams,
rivers, lakes, wetlands or ocean. Surface water varies widely in composition
and purity depending on the collecting area. All sources of surface water are
exposed to bpth natural and artificial contamination. Feaces and dirts are
washed to the water body during rain which make the water unsalt for it uses.
Protection
of surface water
Surface
water can be protected from being contaminated by the following.
1.
Demarcation of the rivers into sections
especially when the water is flowing one way. Whereas, the upper part should be
used for drinking alone and the lower part for other purposes.
2.
An area on both banks of the rivers should be
fenced at least five meters away to avoid runoff of contaminate into the water
body.
3.
There should be by-laws to prevent industrial
activities and personal activities that may pollute the river.
4.
After collection of surface water, it should be
treated by either boiling or chlorination.
Underground
water sourceit candrid
This
is the water found under the dept. of the ground in the cracks and spaces in
soil, sand and rock. It is stored in and move slowly through geologies
formation of soil, sand and rocks called aquifers. Example of underground water
are wells, springs and bore holes.
WELLS
Wells are holes dogged, bared or drilled through strata of
the earth in other to reach underground water when is raised to the surface by
appropriate means.
This
has been an aged method of water supply in most countries
Types
of wells
I.
Deep well
II.
Shallow well
III.
Artesian well
DEEP WELL-:These are well that tap their water from above
the second impervious stratum or bellow. This is due to efficient penetration
into the soil because the water travels a great
distance through the earth and gets better prothetion from surface
contamination or by the first impervious stratum above it. The water is cool,
sparkling, colorless, and gem free. It is always last longing even in dry
season.
SHALLOW WELL:- These are wells that tap their water from above
the first impervious stratum. Water from shallow well is not always last
longing because it candid up during the dry season. Impurity are likely to get
asses into it. The water supply is irregular.
ARTEBIAN WELL:- The name artesian is gotten from a province
in france called Artoise where this type of well is common. it is also called
folwing well as water gotten from it flows above the well like fountain. This
happen when the layers of the earth are in form of a basin or a cup, when a
well is sunk at the middle of such formations, the water over flows to the
surface.
CONSTRUCTION
OF WELL
Well can be constructed using three method used in different
part of the world. The method used is based in the topography of the soil in
the particular area.
1
Boring of the soil with earth auger to make
holes
2
Driving of metal into the sub-soil to give a
drive or tub well. This type of well is safe and free from external exposure of
pathogens
3
Trusting shaft into the ground by simple digging
which is refers to as hand-dug. It is the common method used in constructing
wells.
MAINTENACE AND
PROTECTION OF WELL
The following are the
ways of maintaining and protecting the well.
1
it
must have concrete lining with brick work cement mortal. And the lining has to
be 3m (loft) of the depth
2
The
well must be provided with a height feting cover to prevent pollution
3
Copping
or parapet well should be blurt in from falling into the well
4
A concrete
platform or apron of Im [3ft] away from the month of the well for force flow of
waste water from going back to the well
5
A
permanent drawer should be used to withdraw water from the well or hand pump
should be used
6
Wasting
of cloth and bathing should not be done near the well to avoid the waste water
flowing back to the well
7
Keep
the environment clean and disallow animals around the well
8
Maintain
personal hygiene when using the well
9
In a
sloppy area where suck away and well is to be constructed ,well should be in
the upper ends while the suck away should be in the lower ends
10
The
suck away and well must not be in the same direction
DISINFECTION OF WELL
This is the process
of killing infectious or pathogens in the well before it is used.It is very
essential to disinfect well after construction because of likely pollution that
may occur during constructed.Disinfection can also be used as a preventive
measure during outbreak of any water related disease by adding chemicals to disinfect
the liazardous substance in the water. The following chemicals are
used disinfecting wells
1 Alum is put into
the well to settle the particles in the well
2 Dry chloride of
lime;Two full glass cup of chemicals is put in a bucket of water and it is
poured directly into the well
3Chlorine is used to
disinfect well in from of bleaching powder [CaOH2 ]: Four kilogram
of S and are put chlorinated pot which has eight millimeter holes round it.The
mouth is then covered with polytheme hag with string and it is lowered into the
well with the string tied round the neck.Care should be taking to see that the
pot touches the bottom of the well them the pot is left in the well for about
thirty minutes to an hours before it is removed from the well
SPRINGS
These are natural
outflows of underground water.When the impervious layer appear on the
surface,commonly at the foot of the hill in a valley or in the bed of a river
in such a way that underground water runs out of the ground which form a
spring.Spring could be deep or shallow
PROTECTION OF SPRING
Spring water is a
good and gem free sources of water but may be contaminated by people on
collected it and they pollute the water sources .Therefore the following
protecting measure should be in place.
1.
Digging
a ditch at least five meters from the spring to direct surface water
2.
Animal
should not be allowed from the area around the spring
3.
Building
should be 30 to 100m [100-300ft] away from the springs
4.
A
concrete tank up to a convenient height above the ground level should be
constructed round the spring.
5.
Erecting
of fence round the spring
6.
Disallowing
individual container to collect water to avoid contamination
7.
The
water should be lead from the collecting chambers to a storage tank.
2.4 ATMOSPHERE WATER SOUCER
This is the source of
water that is release to the earth from the atmosphere. It is also know as
precipitation
Forms of
precipitation include
1.
Rainfall
2.
Snow
3.
Hail
4.
Dew
5.
Fog
6.
Frost
7.
Mist
1.
RAINFALL
Rainfall is define as the release of excess condensed water
vapour in the atmosphere into the earth. It is the most important from the
precipitation. It is regarded as the purest source of water
Type of Rainfall
There are main type of rainfall. These are
Convectional rainfall:- Convectional
rainfall occurs in area intensively heated. Hot/ warm air, accompanied by a
rise in relative humidity rises become saturated and water vapour condense with
could being from quickly. This result in war rain accompanied by thunder and
heightening
Characteristics of convectional rainfall
1.
It is
short – live and characterized by wavy winds, lighting and thunder.
2.
Rainfalls
within limited areas, usually in the afternoon
3.
They
sky becomes clear immediately after
2.
SNOW
Snow is formed when water vapour condenses
in the atmosphere at temperature below freezing foint, resulting in the
formation of the crystals
3.
HAIL
This is formed from condensed water droplet
at great vertical height and usually association with thunderstorus crystal are
also formed
4.
Dew
Dew is formed when condensation take place
near the ground building or on top of leaves, the temperature at which
condensation take place is know as dew point
5.
FOG
Fog This is
also formed when condensation take place near the group or over the sea,
resulting in tiny partides of dirts and dust in the air fog usually cause poor
visibility especially in the morning
6.
FOREST
Forest: This form result from the direct
condensation of water droplet into the crystal when the temperature is below
freezing point
7.
MIST
Mist: just like fog is formed when
condensation take place near the ground where it occurs as tiny water droplet
that are not as thick as fog
2.5 USES OF WATER
Water is essential in the existence of
plants and animals.The following are the basic uses water
1.Domestic Uses
2.Agricultural uses
3.Industrial uses
4.Recreation and
relaxation purposes[Tourisms]
5.Religions uses
6.Transportation
purposes
1. Domestic uses
Water is used domestically to satisfy
basic life requirement and sanitation required.The following are the domestic
uses of water
1. For drinking
2. For cooking
3. For bathing
4. For laundry
5. For flushing
6. For scrubbing
2. Agricultural uses
Water is used
agriculturally in the following ways for crop irrigation
1.
Serve
as home of aquatic life
2.
For
livestock requirement
3.
For
mixing chemical :-insecticides, herbicides, and seed preparation
4.
It is
used in mixing manure and fertilizers.
3. Industrial uses
1.
For
cooling of machines engines
2.
For
washing in industrial such, as textile breweries, caning etc.
3.
For
power generation i.e. hydro-electricity
4.
For
fighting operation
5.
For
steam generation of boilers, compressors and turbines.
4. Recreation and tourist purpose
Water is used for relaxation and enjoyment it can be used for games. The
following are the uses of water for relaxation.
1.
Washing pool
2.
Swimming
3.
Water
games such as canoe race, canal regatta water boat demonstration etc.
4.
Entertainment
5.
Create
job opportunity
6.
Religions
uses
7.
For
ablution by the muslins before prayer
8.
For
baptism by the Christians.
Agricultural
Uses
It serves as means of transportation between
counties
PROCESSES INVOLED IN COMMUNITY WATER
TREATMENT WATER PURIFICATION
This is the process of removing impurities dirt, microbes and pathogenic
substances from water to make the water safe for design uses. It is also known
as water treatment
OBJECTIVE OF WATER PURIFICATION
1.
To
destroy pathogenic organism
2.
To
remove fecal matter present in water
3.
To
remove water turbidity
4.
To
remove flat taste form water
5.
To
prevent unpleasant odour in water
6.
To
prevent corrosion of pipe
7.
To
prevent fluorosis of the teeth and cerise
8.
To
prevent the water for a long term uses
Water can be treated at;
Home i.e. water treatment in the house
Conventional water treatment
METHOD OF WATER TREATMENT IN THE HOUSE
A.
Coagulation
and sedimentation:This is the addition of aluminum sulphate to water
leading to flocculation of finely suspended matter, the larder particle settle
more rapidly heaving a clear supernatant.
B.
Filtration:
filtration will remove protozoa cysts and other larger particle present in
water but will not remove viruses. The medium through which water filtration
passes is known as filters. Example of filters are :
1.
Thick
linen filter
2.
Sand
filter ( which of sand stones at bottom)
3.
Simple
domestic cloth filter
4.
Porcelain
( net ) filter
However all filter require propane care and
regular cleaning to remain effective.
C.
Chlorination
: chlorine is a good disinfectant for drinking water as it is an effective
agent against bacterial associated with water. Chlorines is added to water to disinfect it.
D.
Boiling
: it is a reliable way of eliminating pathogens for individual
household but it is impracticable on a large scale. It is the process of
suspending water into certain heat to kill pathogenic organism presence in the
water.
CONVECTIONAL WATER TREATMENT
The following are the way water is treated for the community
and the distribution of water.
1.
Source:- the source of water supply for
convectional treatment should either be a stream, dam, flowing river, sea or
ocean depending on the population it serve.
2.
Screening :- this is the process where suspended
large size particles are prevent from entering into the wasted water. Plant and
other aquatic life are prevent from leaving the water, sources. This is done
with the use of wire screening, coarse and fine bar which or erect vertically
across the sources of water.
3.
Aeration:- this is the process of allowing water
to come intro contact with air. Aerating increase oxidation thereby absorb
oxygen [O2] into the water and expels carbon(iv)oxide [co2].
It also remove hydrogen sulphide which cause odour in it. Oxidizes iron and
manganese present in water and corrosion in pipes.
4.
Coagulation chamber :- at this chamber, chemical
like aluminum sulpate [Al2SO4] and magnesium
carbonate [Mgso4] are added or introduced into the already and
acraled water to flocculate and enable the suspended and dissolved partied to
settle down quickly.
5.
Sedimentation chamber :- after the coagulation
of the water, it passes sedimentation chamber where water particles settle down
at the bottom of the tank. There, the water is clearer as the suspended
particles settle down.
6.
Filtration chamber :- water is allow to flow
through filtration chamber where debris in water is filtered. Filtration where debris
in water is filtered. Filtration in large treatment can be done in two ways.
a.
Slow sand gravity filter:- these are water tight
shallow tanks lined with gravels and sand.
b.
Chlorination chamber :- water is passed into the
chlorination chamber for the dosing or application of chlorine into the
chlorination chamber for the dosing or application of chlorine into the water
in order to destroy all micro-organisms present in the water.
7.
Chlorination chamber :- water is passed into the
chlorination chamber for the dosing or application of chlorine into the water in
order to destroy all micro-organisms present in the water.
8.
PH Testing :- the water from the chlorinated
chamber has to be tested to confirm the effectiveness of the treatment. During
this process the acidity and alkalinity content of the water is checked and
balanced using colour comparator.
9.
Storage :- after balancing the PH level, the
water is pumped into temporary reservoirs and booster stations to serve the
community and individual premises in a sequential order.
10.
Distribution :- water is distributed directly to
the industries, institutions, estates,
public tap stands and to individual premises.
CHAPTER THREE
3.0
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
This research work was designed to
investigate into the source of inadequate supply of potable water and it
implication on health of man in ikole township.
This chapter deal with the
following research issues research design, target population, sample and
sampling techniques, instrument for data collection , procedures and data
analysis.
3.1
RESEARCH DESIGN
The
research used both the primary and secondary type of research method in
collecting information from different source such as skilled and unskilled
workers in ikole water and other corporate bodies in ikole town.
The primary research method
employed includes observation, interview and questionnaire while secondary
method includes review of relevant literature and textbooks.
3.2
POPULATION OF THE STUDY AREA
The
population of the inhabitants of ikole is 79, 759, according to 2006 census,
the respondents cut across ages, sex, ethnic groups and occupation.
3.3
SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
A
random sampling technique was used in selecting the sample this means that two
hundred subjects were selected of the basis of adequate representation, thus
making 200 people in all.
3.4
INSTRUMENT FOR DATA COLLECTION
To
achieve the objectives of the research work, fair and effective instrument was
employed for data collection reliable and resourceful sources.
The instrument used for data
collection from reliable sources includes the following. Questionnaire method .
Questionnaires
method :- to collect worthwhile information for proper coverage of the study
area, the research prepared a set of respondents to supply his response by
filling a from by himself.
The instrument used in the
collection serve as complimentary to others used in the collection of
information on the topic in adequate supply of potable water and its
implication on health of man in ikole town.
VALIDATION
AND RELIABLITY OF THE INSTRUMENT USED
The
validation and reliability of the instrument used by the research was
determined through estimation, pretest, and test and retest which however makes
the instrument used to be valid and reliable as it was conducted systematically
with in the study area.
ADMINISTRATION
OF THE INSTRUMENT TEST
The
instrument adopted by the research was questionnaire as related to text. The
questionnaire served was restricted to some workers available in ikole water
works authority office and to the skilled and unskilled laborers in ikole town.
Interview of some resourceful
person in sampling people opinion personal views were also conducted to
consolidate findings as regards to the topic in questions.
METHOD
OF DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
The
data collected and analysis are based critically on the responses from the
respondents the researcher therefore has to summarize the data in the manner
that could be easy for calculation and interpretation of the analysis the
analysis was based on each of the hypothesis and relevant research question as
related to the statement of problem the method of data interpretation was also
used in order to complete the result.
CHAPTER
FOUR
4.0
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
This
chapter is based on the analysis and interpretation of the relevant data
collected for this study. In the early part of this chapters the socio-economic
background, characteristic basic of age, structure, sex, working experience,
marital status.
The letter part of this chapter
deals with the role of inadequate supply of potable water and its health
implication on man . in the real sense three hundred [300] copies of
questionnaires were distributed to respondents and all the questionnaire were
returned to the researcher with satisfaction responses by the community. The
questionnaire will be analyzed on tables and will be based on percentage and
decree.
TABLE
1:- Distribution of respondents by age
Responses
|
Number
|
Percentage
|
10-15years
|
60
|
20%
|
16-21years
|
150
|
50%
|
22-25years
|
90
|
30%
|
Total
|
300
|
100%
|
The
total and histogram above shows that age distribution of the respondents on the
role of inadequate water supply. 60respondents with 20% fell under ages between
10-15years, while 150 respondents. With 50%fell under ages between 16-21years
and 90 respondents with 30%fell under 22-25years. Therefore, the table has
shown that fell under the age of 16-21years took the major population of my
respondents.
TABLE
2: DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS BY SEX
Responses
|
Number
|
Percentage
|
MALE
|
140
|
47%
|
FEMALE
|
106
|
53%
|
TOTAL
|
300
|
100%
|
The
above table and histogram below shows of the sex distribution of my respondent
and the responses made by them, 140respondent with 47% happen to be male, while
160 respondents with 53% were female. Therefore female have taken the major population
of my respondents.
TABLE3:
DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS BY OCCUPATION
Respondents
|
Number
|
Percentage
|
Yes
|
120
|
40%
|
No
|
180
|
60%
|
Total
|
300
|
100%
|
The above table and bar chart show that
occupation distribution of my respondents, 180 respondents with 60% were yes,
while 140 respondents with 40% were no. it means that no have taken major
population.
TABLE
4: DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO THE WORKING EXPERIENCE
Respondents
|
Number
|
Percentage
|
EXPERIENCE
|
-
|
-
|
UNEXPERIENCE
|
300
|
100%
|
TOTAL
|
300
|
100%
|
The above table shows the working experience.
None of my respondents is having experience because they are not target group,
while they are working 300 respondents with 100% are unexperienced therefore,
all my respondents are in unexperienced
TABLE
5: DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS OF THE MARTIAL STATUS
Respondents
|
Number
|
Percentages
|
Married
|
120
|
144%
|
Single
|
150
|
180%
|
Divorced
|
30
|
30%
|
Total
|
300
|
100%
|
The
above table and chart shows various things that the respondents think that
because married, 120 respondents thinks that lack of married, 150 respondents
said that divorced 30 respondents with 30%
TABLE
6: DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS TO THE LEVEL OF AWARDENSS OF THE EXISTENCE OF
IKOLE WATER BOARD
Respondents
|
Number
|
Percentage
|
Aware
|
204
|
68%
|
Unaware
|
96
|
32%
|
Total
|
300
|
100%
|
This
table has show the level of existence of water board wareness among these 204
respondents with 68% are aware of it, while 96 respondents with 32% have never
heard about existence of water board. Therefore, those that have heard about
existence of water board took the majority number of my respondents
TABLE 7: DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS OF THE
SOURCE OF WATER?
Respondents
|
Number
|
Percentage
|
Rainfall
|
141
|
47%
|
Stream
|
45
|
15%
|
Boreholes
|
54
|
18%
|
Well
|
40
|
15%
|
Spring
|
20
|
5%
|
Total
|
300
|
100%
|
The
above shows the various means through which these community have heard of
source of water 141 respondents with 47% heard it the community, 45 respondents
with 15% heard of it at newspaper, 54 respondents with 18% while the 40
respondents with 15% heard about it and the remaining 20 with 5% therefore, it
means majority of my respondents heard about source of water
TABLE8: THE SOURCE OF WATER SUPPLY WHOLESOME
FOR CONSUMPTION?
Respondents
|
Number
|
Percentage
|
Yes
|
99
|
33%
|
No
|
201
|
64%
|
Total
|
300
|
100%
|
The
table and bar above shows the number of water supply wholesome for consumption
is 99 respondents with 33% known it form their source, while 201 respondents
with 67%. Therefore the majority of these respondents have the knowledge of
inadequate of water supply in the community
TABLE
9: DISTRIBURTION OF RESPONSES WITH OUT BREAK OF DISEASES CAUSE BY THE WATER
SUUPLY
Respondents
|
Number
|
Percentage
|
Yes
|
240
|
80%
|
No
|
60
|
20%
|
Total
|
300
|
100%
|
The table above tell us that 240 respondents
with 80% said that outbreak of disease cause by water supply in the community
the rate of disease causes by water, supply 60 respondents with 20% did not
believe that disease causes by water supply can reduce in the community .
TABLE
10: DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENT TO THE WATER DISEASE
Respondents
|
Number
|
Percentage
|
Chorea
|
240
|
80%
|
Typhoid fever
|
96
|
32%
|
Total
|
300
|
100%
|
This table above
tell us that 204 respondent with 6 said that the disease of water, the disease
of water supply in the community is 96
respondent with 20%
TABLE 11: DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENT OF PROBLEM
ASSOCIATED WITH WATER SUPPLY
Responses
|
Number
|
Percentage
|
YES
|
240
|
80%
|
No
|
60
|
20%
|
Total
|
300
|
100%
|
The table above tell us that 240
respondents with 80% said that the problem associate with water supply in the
community while 60 respondents with 20% did not believe that there is a problem
associate with water supply.
TABLE 12: DISTRIBUTION OF
RESPONDENT OF PROBLEM OF INQADEQUATE SUPPLY OF WATER SUPPLY IN IKOLE
Respondents
|
Number
|
Percentage
|
January to march
|
141
|
47%
|
March to may
|
45
|
15%
|
May to august
|
54
|
18%
|
August to October
|
30
|
10%
|
October to December
|
30
|
10%
|
Total
|
300
|
100%
|
The tables shows the various means
through which these month have heard of problem of inadequate supply of water
supply 141 respondents with 47% heard it in January to march 45 respondent with
47% heard it in march to may, 54 respondents with 15% heard it in may to
august, 30 respondents with 10% also heard of it in august to October while the
remaining 30 respondent with 10% heard about the problem of inadequate apply of
water supply in ikole.
TABLE 13: DISTRIBUTION OF
RESPONDENT OF SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM ASSOCIATED WITH INADEQUATE WATER SUPPLY
Respondents
|
Number
|
Percentage
|
Yes
|
201
|
67%
|
No
|
99
|
33%
|
Total
|
300
|
100%
|
The tables shows the various means
through which the solution to the problem associate with inadequate water
supply 201 respondents with 67%, while the remaining 99 respondents with 33%
that did not believe that solution to the problem associated with inadequate
water supply can reduce.
CHAPTER
FIVE
5.0
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS, RECOMMENDATION AND
CONCLUSION
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
In this chapter the researcher shall be reviewing this major
finding such as discussion of hypothesis, limitation, conclusion
recommendation, suggestion for further study and the summary of the study.
To go by
the analysis in chapter of this research work, where the researcher use
statistical tables to illustrate the responses of the sample opinion of the
workers and community in ikole town, having analyzed the data collected, the
researcher found out that there are problem associated with inadequate water in
the community.
This is
backed up by the responses of the workers and the community in the statistical
table where the fifty-five people that are agreed than twenty five that
disagreed. During the research, the researcher found that there are damaged
pumps which hampered the inadequate water supply of water to the people of the
community which lead to such water been suspected polluted or contaminate.
About
41% of the respondents believe that high incidence of water borne water
diseases are due to problem of water supply to the inhabitants, the researchers
accepted that in ikole township, the main sources of water availed to the
people are stream, open well and rain water. These surface water supply from
which the majority of the inhabitants depends are known to the home for a
variety of bacteria, parasite and viruses of dangerous water born disease like
chorea, infective hepatitis, typhoid fever, dysentery among others. Well over
76% of the population on these unprotected surface water for daily activities
in which water is a necessity. This could be bucked up by the literature in
chapter two by NIHAL SIDDQUI [208] that water is very essential to man, animal
and plant of all this essential element that support life, such as food, shelter
without doubt, potable, wholesome and accessible water supply sanitation are
very important factors of attaining health for all by years 2006and beyond.
This because safe water will not only reduces but also wipe out water borne
disease such as cholera, typhoid fever, diarrhea which affect the large segment
of our population that dwell in the rural areas and semi urban centers. This could
be backed up by the literature reviewed in chapter two by AIBOR M.S[2006]
stated that various filtration devices uses in houses for filtration of water
are known as house hold filter these are the medium through which the process
of water filtration passes. Example is: thick linen filter sand filter
[consisting] of sand and stones at the bottom. Sample domestic cloth filter,
porcelain [net].
However,
all filter require proper care and regular cleaning to remain effective, some
appropriate technology filter designs from house hold may well become source of
pollution themselves as their effective use required considerable health
education and supervision. Accordingly about 12% of the respondents said that
there is insufficient supply of water to the small scale industries in the
total production and scale in the rainy and dry season. In rain season when
enough water is available between 50 to 60 bags of cement are used daily to
produce about 500blocks, but this is often reduced to about 25 bags in dry season
when there is no supply of rainfall, thereby producing about 150 blocks daily.
Those who operate restaurants in the commercial area of the town, in order to
remain in business in the dry season.
5.1
CONCLUSION
The result of this study shows that there are many problems
which associated with inadequate water supply in the area under study. The
insult confined that there are poor source of drinking water in the area.
The pipe
borne and boreholes water supply in the area are inadequate and irregular due
to insufficient supply of water. In other words the distribution network does
not cater for the water need requirements of the inhabitants the old and
damaged pipes are not replaced.
The
topography of the area contributes to the inadequate water supply to the area.
Without doubt, this study has revealed the urgent need for concreted effort on
the part of dwellers, government and health agencies to work co-operatively in
order to maintain optimal health, through the provision of inadequate water
supply to the people of ikole town, we must do everything within our resources
to protect, promote and maintain our health and well-being .
5.2
RECOMMENDATION
It is very important to note that the health of the people is
the greatest natural resources of any nation. And it is upon that all their
power as a state depends, in other words, for any nation to attain the hope of
development in political, social and economic therefore make the following
recommendation.
1.
The most important point is the need for adequate management and
control of the available water. This can be done by constructing dams in view
of the reliable rainfall.
2.
The state government should assist the community
in providing modern tools capableof working through the rocks to over come the
difficulties often encountered from inadequate supply of water.
3.
The
government should provide more boreholes to the
4.
Government should provided more well to the
community.
5.
The is need to maintain a good environment of
all sources of water supply including ponds and streams. This could be done by
clearing and fencing each of the available sources of water supply and covering
other for example wells.
6.
Repairing of plants and pipes must be carefully
supervised as in order developing nations. It has become evident in the
community to satisfy water quality from water quantity.
Therefore there is need for the government at all levels to
provide adequate water to meet the water needs of the entire inhabitatant of
ikole town.
5.3
SUMMARY
It is necessary now at this level begins with chapter one up
to chapter five, chapter one up to chapter five, chapter one is an embodiment of the
introduction of the project topic, historical background of the study area,
discussion on the scope of the study, significance of the study including the
objective of the body.
Chapter
two focused on the literature review where related topics of previous authors
were consulted. It helps in giving an insight to the research work. Followed
shorty was the research methodology where discussion was based on the tool used
for this project work including method of data collection, validation and
reliability and also the method used in analyzing, the data collection.
The
chapter four deals with data presentation and analysis of data the analytical
method was used for the presentation of findings. The research discovered that
people at ikole are faced with the problem of inadequate water supply in the
area.
Finally
discussion of result, summary, conclusion and recommendation can be found in
chapter
REFERENCE
BAKE M.N [2011] water in
environmental planning printed in great Britain by days limited.
DR. SIDDIQIUI [2008] natural
resources and environmental management system, printed at bright printers road
north market, nai sarek india
GOD MAN ETALL [2000] a new health
sciences for Africa printed at Longman group limited lagos.
JIMOH H.I and IFABIYI I.P [2000] contemporary
environmental issue first edition hitter press 154 ibrahim taiwo road Ilorin
kwara state
MICHEAL K. OREYOMI [2005] principle
and practices of environmental health publisher of costmary safety and health
services limited 39 orisigun street kosafe lagos
OLORUNDA J.O [2006] principle
environmental health officer, divine favour publisher 20, adelaku street of
hotel bishop agodo Egbe 30 ikotun lagos
SALUATO J.A [2004] selected topic
on environmental health by adisa akintoye, Kenya printed bensat at printer
limited nairo Kenya.
QUESTIONNAIRE
COLLEGE OF HEALTH TECHNOLOGY OFFA,
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE.
Questionnaire on the inadequate
supply of potable water and its health implication on man a case study of ikole
local government area of ekiti state. [√] the
appropriate answer in the boxes, they to the options.
SECTION A
1.
Age: 10-15[ ]
16-21[ ] 22-25[ ]
2.
Sex: female [ ]
male [ ]
3.
Occupation……………………………………………………………………………………………..
4.
Working experien
ce…………………………………………………………………………………
5.
Marital
status……………………………………………………………………………………………
SECTION B
6.
Are you aware of
the existence of ikole water board. Yes [ ] no[ ]
7.
If yes for how
long? [ ]
8.
What are the
source of your water? Rainfall [ ]
stream [ ] boreholes [ ] well [ ] spring [ ]
9.
Is the source of
water supply wholesome for consumption? Yes [ ] no [ ]
10.
Has there been
any outbreak of diseases caused by water supply? Yes [ ] no [ ]
11.
If yes what is
the disease? [ ]
12.
Is there any
problem associated with in
13.
Do you face the
problems of inadequate supply of water supply in ikole? January to march [ ]
march to may [ ] may to october [ ] october to december [ ]
14.
Can there be a
solution to the problem associated with inadequate water supply? Yes [ ] no[ ]
15.
If yes how can
this are achieved?
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