PROJECT WORK ON VECTOR

                                                INTRODUCTION

Vector- Epidemiological, a vector is any agent [person, animal or micro organism] that carries and transmit an infection pathogen into another living organism e.g Another mosquito, a vector for malaria, filariasis and various arthropod- borne – viruses.

        Large numbers of diseases are spread by insects among people; some of these diseases will be discussed later in this research. They are among the most important, serious deadly diseases in the world, especially in developing world.

        Nevertheless, some insects are useful while others are externally destructive. In latter category, that cause damaged to both field crops, stored crops and the health. So they are referred to as vector therefore there is need for its.

         Furthermore, it means that we can attack vector borne diseases be controlling the environment in which we live. Changes in the natural environment and ability of insect vector to react to this changes in the natural environment and the ability of insect vector to react to this changes can have an important effect on the spread of  disease. Insect are part of our environment which surrounds us and they are greatly environment.

         Environmental changes can also influence the reduction in the accidence of diseases by affecting the survival of insect vector.

          Agriculture development irrigation scheme the bread – ridge and loraod – furrow tillage system is a novel technology from agriculture productivity perspective, it has health – implication that need to be seriously considered.

            The furrow usually retain a 30cntimeter depth ware level which is almost throughout the year this condition provide perfect habitats for the vector mosquito that transmits schitomiasis.

                         RELATION BETWEEN MAN AND DISEASE

Vector either rodent or weeds are enemies of man because of the damage and disease they cause him since human activities encourages or influences the infestation pf vector as said earlier in this Hesis.

Therefore, insects rodents are part of feed our environment and they depends on man and man’s properties to feed, for instance, some species of rodents like rats and mice are vector in the house and they feed on both agriculture crops and food storage hence transmit more than twenty [20] million pathogens to human. For example the bubonic plaque, which was responsible for death of twenty –five [25] million a people just in Europe in 14-17^th centuries.

[HANNAH FRASER, MARCH 2004]

Similarly, it is now obvious that without insect and rodent vector in our environment, insect borne disease will be transmitted by insects especially and man activities prompted it more. Even vector that are of Agriculture and vet nary importance have their health implication of man.

            Therefore, no matter how beneficiary vector are to man, there is disadvantages or hazard to human life and properties in one way or the other. If man can tame or sanitize his environment to be free of all these factor than there would be less cases of epidermis. The higher the hygienic condition of an environment, the lesser the cases of insect borne diseases more so, if the relationship between man and insect in broken there won’t be, this relationship can only be broken by creating a barrier between man insects, the barrier is regular.

ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION

Environment is a physical and biological aspect of our surrounding. [M.O. ALIU 2002] By this definition, it means all physical things like plants, water, insects, refuse, e.t.c are parts of our environment, and those thing we can not see with our naked eyes, such as micro- organism /pathogens that are capable of causing/transmitting [insects] diseases to man. Therefore the environment contribute a lot to our state of health, so there is realized that insects are the intermediary between man and disease in our entire environment.

            Because insect are  available everywhere and at anytime in the environment. No wonder in 1978. United nation organization defined or viewed environment as a global concept which consist of natural and man made resources available at any given time. And in 1996, all by defined environment as a place where living organism abode.

           As a result of these, man activities in his environment, the infestation of insect at large cause hazard to his health.

SANITATION; Is the process of taming the environment set that its no longer constitutes a hazard to man. The environment needs to be sanitized through collective efforts of individual.

Environment sanitation is therefore the control of all factors in mans physical environment that exercise or may exercise deleterious effects on man. [S.O JOLAYEMI, 2000]. For the purpose of this study the environment should be free from vector so as to prevent disease, to promote public health and to prolong human life.

FUMIGANT INSECTICIDES

These are gaseous or inflammable chemical whose vapour enter the body of arthropod via the spiracles and tracheas and some time the general body surface.

            This is applied with sprayer. Some of these chemical are contact poison e.g DDT, and stomach poison [this is through ingestion] e.g paris green.

Residual action e.g BCH, and DDT  and Maiathion. Lastly, Knock down action e.g pyrethrum.

            These chemicals could be larvicides, adulticides, fungicide e.t.c cracks wall and storage area sprayed to control bed –bugs and cockroaches and assassin bugs and homes railroad and application of this reduction in insect population .

            These animals are characteristic by having a segmented exoskeleton and joined appendages [ADEWALE AFONJA OBRAHEEM 2000]. Also insect are all creature that posses three[3] body divisions [head, thorax, abdomen] three [3] pairs of legs, wingless and reproduce through metamorphosis  [A.N. MOHAMMED 2003].

            Insect possessed either complex or compound eyes and they are capable of transmitting or conveys pathogenic organism from a reservoir of infection to susceptible host or either mechanically or biologically.

                        

                            INSECT                                             GROUP

                            

                            Phylum                        -                        Arthropoda

                            

                            Class                           -                         Insect or hexopoda 

CHARACTERISTCS OF INSECT

1.      Three parts of legs on the thorax

2.      May have two pair of wing and some are wingless e.g bugs

3.      The segmented exoskeleton is divided into three [3] body region. i.e the head, thorax and abdomen.

4.      One pair of antenna and compound or complex eyes

5.      Some disease are transmitted simply by insect caring the organisms mechanically from one subject to another such insect are known as

CARRIERS

          Other disease require the pathogenic organism to pass through more  or less complicated development in the pathogenic organism live some of its life cycles in the insect. Such insect are called. VECTOR

DISEASES CAUSE/TRANSMITTED BY INSECT

These are diseases transmitted by insect [vector] either mechanically or biologically to man e.g malaria, scabies, pedicculosis, relapsing fever and typhoid fever.

CONCLUTION

Nigeria as a developing nation is improving daily as a result of research in vector it effects on and properties it is obvious that many deadly diseases that have claim thousand of lives of useful Nigerians are caused or transmitted by vector, our daily activities, our care free attitude and ignorance are major that influences the abundant of vector  in our entire environment. Since the existence of vector is a treats to man, this situation can only be controlled by total elimination and control of vector area in our environment, this will indirectly reduce the incidence of vector borne disease and abundance of vector are cause by inadequate and out of date public health law by the successive Nigerian government an absence of specific law enforcement agency to curb the indiscriminate refuse disposal, illegal farming, unauthorized irrigation farming, lack of sanitary conveniences etc as indiscriminate interest of people in making money and at the expense of the health and well being of the populace.

            It is noted that climatic factor is a problem in vector control and management, so pesticides should be used at the correct time that will be effective in order to get good result. Pesticides should be handled by the expert or professional to prevent mishandling and complication. The introduction of Integrated Vector  Management [IVM]  has reduce the problems of vector and disadvantages but if instructions hazard to man in the environment.

            The effect of unsanitary environment and poor waste management is a very serious factors that encourage high infestation of flies by mechanically transmit vibro cholerae and this could lead to cholera outbreak. This could be control by joint efforts of an individual and environmental health officer so as to achieve good vector control; this will internally reduce the incidence of the infestation.

REFERENCES

1. Reporting Vector Pt quarantine significance author Hannah Entomology

[Horticulture/program lead/OMAF/March 2004]

2. Biodiversity and Human Health Linkages enable Workshop 23- 28 June 2002 [Kenya]
3. Maleria Antigen Discovery Program, Seattle – Biomedical Research Institute, 4 Nickerson Street STE 200 Seattle, WA 98 109 – 1651 and Department of Immunology U.S.A.
4. Adewale Afonja Ibrahim; Vector Management in Public Health [Environmental Health Series 1]
5. Jolayemi S.O Vector Management Principles and Methods 2002.
6. Jolayemi S.O Pesticides [Nov. 2002]