THE PROBLEM OPPOSED TO HUMAN HEALTH BY RODENT, AND THIER ACTIVITIES

 The reason why this researcher is begin carried is that to enable the researcher to known the problem opposed to human health by rodent, and rodent activities, knowing such disease the causative organism, vector the mode of transmission and how to prevent the disease are the reason fore this study.

          To let both the researcher and reader know the control of rodent in the human environment and the environment can be lamed in order to reduce the population of rodent and provide various measures which are adequate enough in the control of rodent there by reducing case of plaque and other diseases transmitted by rodent.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0            INTRODUCTION

      Rodent are widely distributed trough and word account for about 40 of the mammals living of the presents time, in many regions however the total number of individuals rodent has come play a major role in harbouring and transmitting many diseases to other mammals including man. In the transmission of human disease the extent to which some rodent have become adapted to man-made environment is at least as important as rodent number.

In the present past, urban development and intensive agriculture have been expected to meet the need of rapidly growing population during this period many rodent have remained more or undistributed in desert and mountainous, but even here many course concern when they increase in number and more out into neighbouring areas and damaging crops and spreading disease.

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 

      This research is conducted on media important of rodents.

Rodent as a pest known to be responsible for damages of crops and property also play an important role in diseases transmission of  some disease like plague letospirosis, muria fever, typhoid fever are generally transmitted directly or indirectly by rodent.

          Rodents population in house ship as been a problem for that they involved in the transmission human disease, they are types of rodent namely; Rottus Mouse Muscles , Rottus Norvegicus are majourly involved in relationship with man because of similarity in types of food consumed and habitat thereby creating opportunity for diseases transmission.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM     

         While writing the project work. The researcher encountered many  problems. Among which is the negative attitude of individual in the sense that some  both rural and urban dweller feel reluctant to give information of the writer, it also give out for a long time to gather some relevant information.

1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

           The reason why this researcher is begin carried is that to enable the researcher to known the problem opposed to human health by rodent, and rodent activities, knowing such disease the causative organism, vector the mode of transmission and how to prevent the disease are the reason fore this study.

          To let both the researcher and reader know the control of rodent in the human environment and the environment can be lamed in order to reduce the population of rodent and provide various measures which are adequate enough in the control of rodent there by reducing case of plaque and other diseases transmitted by rodent.

1.4 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

             The research work is limited on terms of academy area only to the assessment of medical important of rodent the  disease transmitted by rodent and other activities of rodent that can lead to disease in man various means for the control of rodent falls within the limits also  the geographical limit of the study is ORELOPE LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF OYO STATE  where the research work carried out.

15 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

AIM;

1; The aim of the project is to know how public is affected by rodent activities.

2; To know the prevalence of the disease associated among the public.

OBJECTIVE;

1; To know the various factors associated with the transmission of the diseases associated with rodent

2; To know the mode of transmission and the pathogenic organism responsible in each case of the disease

3; To know the factor responsible for the problem of rodent control

1.7 DEFINATION OF TERMS

  1. POISONING

      It can be defined as substance that can destroy life of human health

  2. BATT

       Are substances use for rodent control usually attractive to rodent.

   3. MULTIPLE DOSE

       Are poisoning which need to be taken for several times before rodent       

   4. POISONING BATT

       These are chemical added to food substance for rodent control.

    5. GNAWING

 This is the eating pattern of   rodent by which damage are made on         materials.

  6. PRE BATTING

     Are used to know the number of rodent that is present in the environment.

  7. CONTAINER BATTING

     This is a form of surface batting used to inhabited premises where there is a risk of children or domestic animals taking the poison bait.

  8. SINGLEDOSE

    Are poisoning capable of killing rodent immediately after content with the poisoning

1; 6 HYPOTHESIS/RESEARCH QUESTION

      

This aspect is designed and formulated to further investigate on the topic

1.     Does the invasion and infestation of rodent in the environment pose threat to life 

2.     Does perpetual sanitation of the environment prevent rodent from a building

3.     Does the use of rodents only capable for  eradicating rodent

4.     Sowa health education play a vita role in the control of rodent

5.     Does improper waste disposal favour the multiplication of rodent

2.1 CHAPTER TWO

Rodent are small mammals [except for south American copy bara which is about 4 feet [ 1.25 meters ]  long belonging to the other rodent.

       Most of them weigh less than long [3.502]. Most rodent are squad compact mammals with short limbs and a tail they can be distinguish   from other mammals by

1. A pair of chisel like front teeth called incisures  

2. Lack of caning teeth

3.  A  molar son each side of the jaw

4. A toothless gap between the incisors and check teeth, the incisors continue to grow chirring the life time, but are worn ordered which mean to grow.

       Rodents are quite intelligent and can master simple tasks when conditioned, they have and acute sense of hearing something tasting and touching. Rodent are highly social animals and used many of their senses to communicated.

    

Their behaviour are highly adaptable. Rodent have high rate of reproduction , most species commonly have 6-12 young in each lifer and a female can have one lifer each month gestation period for rats 12- 23 days. Because of their high production rate and ability to invade many habitats, rodent are able to spread and multiply quickly. Population however may soon crash because of production, diseases and food shortages.      

      

       There are 1702 known mice  porcupines rats squirrels and voles [table]

        

The largest rodent family is muridae [rats and mice] it contains about 1.01 species i.e about 2/3 of all rodents species. The second most numerous family is sciuridae [squirrels]. Archic logical shows that rodents were present even 58 million year age, these animals however diversified in to leaping running and borrowing from between 54 and 38

       Most rodents eats a wide range of plant materials as well as invertebrate. Are specialized carnivore, most rodent share a little contact with humans.

        Nevertheless some species like rats  and mice are pest in house agricultural crops and food storage. Rodent pest can transmit more than 20 pathogen to humans. The bubomic plague was responsible for the   earth of 25 million jus in Europe in the 14-17^th centuries, they are  main  rodents pest to human are the common rats, root rats and the house mouse. Rodent may kill plant crops or eat/ contaminated store food. Each year rodent damage agricultural crops and produce worth of an estimated 30 billion  US Dollars. Rodents are important part of the diet of many carnivorous mammals and birds only a few species are hunted and eaten by humans.

2.2. RODENT CLASSIFICATION AND SPECIES

       

        [RODENTS AND MICE]       

                       RODENTS AND  MICE BELONGS TO THE

                       

                        KINDOM             -                    ANIMALIA

                        PHYLUM            -                     CHOROLATA

                        CLASS                 -                     MAMMLIA

                        ORDER                -                     RONDENTIA

                        GENERA              -                     MUS

                        SPECIES              -                      RATTUS

                                                                             MUS MUSCULUS

2.3 PUBLIC HEAT IMPORTANCE

         Rodent – borne diseases for which rodent are as Zoonisis According to WAHEBI there are many rodents – borne diseases. The most importance ones are plague lassa fever someone lloisis, marine – Typhus, leptospiross lympotic choriro meningitis, Rickettsia, Pox, Rat bite fever, Trichinosis and other endopararsite  WAHEB – Waste disposal and environmental hazard control

A PLEGUE – is an acute febrile illness, it is high fatal and epidemic diseases of man and rodent. These disease is cause by pasturel pestis. According to Adam and Maraith, plague is naturally an enzootic in a wide group of rodent, fleas.

 Normally transmit it from rodent to rodent man may be infected in two ways

1.     through the infected flea or occasionally the house or bed bug.

2.     And through drop let infection spreading from cases of pneunomonic plagu .

                                          

THE SPREAD OF URBAN PLAGEU

            Plague existing as an enzootic in which rodent is accidentally transmitted to commensally rodent, which largely depend on man for their food supplier and are consequently, found in villages, town and cities, the rats most commonly involved, is the semi-domesticated brown of rat hus nollegicus, the later dies and infected flea leaves it and migrate to and infected the domestic Rat, Rrattus, when this in turn dies [in course of few days]. The mouse, mus masscults may occasionally by similarly involved.

CLINICAL FEATURES

      This type of fever is a hemorrhagic cause by arenavirus, the animal reservoirs are the rodents. In fact the rodents does not become ill but the disease is transmitted to man through its saliva and urine by contamination of food and water, or by blood and tissue fluids in those working in the laboratory as they are in contact with the reservoir.

LEASER FEVER

       This types of a fever is a hemorrhagic fever cause by Arenavirus. The animal reservoirs are the rodents. In facts the rodents those not become ill but the disease is transmitted to man through it saliva and urine by contamination of food ands water or by blood and tissue fluids in those working in the laboratory as they are in contact with the reservoir.

CLINICAL FEATURE

       According to Adam and Magerth, the on set is gradual over a few days of malaise chills, head ache, muscles and joint pains, and sometime increasing nausea. The illness begins with fever, [Adam and Magreth clinical tropical diseases]

RAT – BITE FEVER  

            Two organism cause rat –bite fevers namely;

Spirilluminus and Actinobacillus Muris, resulting from rat bite

        

         A bite is enough to cause infection the disease is characterized by febrile illness of a long duration inflammation of site of wound that recurs. Muscular pain and arthritis sometimes arises.

 2.4  HOW TO CONFIRM PRESENCE OF PRODUCTION

             The following sign and observation should be took for whenever the presence of rat and mice is in doubt.

1.     Holes and nets

2.     Run nary and smears 

3.     Foot prints and Tail marks

4.     Droppings

5.     Damage and growing marks

            RELATIONSHIP OF RODENTS TO MAN AND DISEASE

                Though out historical times the domestic rodents have responsible for enormous loss of human life spreading a number of highly dangerous disease of which the most dreaded and skill prudentially, the most important is plague obviously enough, however plague is not a disease generally present in domestic rodent. This is one of characteristics that explain why the disease after appear rather suddenly in mean.

                 The plague bacillus, pasturalla pests occurs today for the most parts in certain populated of the world rodents in habiting some of the sparsely populated grassland area of the world. This rodents include sprained dog ground squirrels in tnhe western Asia and Africa, they maintain a reservoir of disease which generally remains out of contact with man and adequately like occurs such a link may initially involved a spread of disease among semi domestic rodents however, whatever route the disease may take once the bacillus has rapidly and causes the death of high proportion of infected animals. During the course of the disease, bacillis are present in the blood of animal and many of them are infected by rodents flea when they feed. Infected fleas tend to leave the rodents host seen after it death. Subsequently, these fleas transmit the disease to many animal on which they feed.

                

               Two other important disease that are transmitted to man from domestic rodent by their external parasites especially in tropical areas, are those caused by ridkettisal, a group of organism a position between viruses and true bacteria of these rikettisial diseases murie typous is transmitted to man probably mainly by a rat flea, kenopsyila cheopis, while in isusu gamushi disease [or mite typhus] the vector usually lavae of number of species of trombiculid mites many rodents bone disease, on the other hand do not involve external parasite as vectors, samonella hyphimurine and S.enteritse, for example are two species of bacteria commonly found in the guts in domestic rodents fasces in eaten, spirochaetes of the genus leptospira, particularly kteroliae morhagiae are pass out in the rat urine and the remain infective for long period in dump situation since leptopires are able to penetrate the human skin.

           

            Through the smallest abrasion, persons batting in rat contaminated water of working in rat- infested environment continually run the risk of contracting leptospirosal faundice, disease that is often lethal, particularly the older people, these are also two diseases lousing organism spirilliminus and strephobacillus moniliform that are generally transfered to man only by a rat- bit.

             Consequently, the disease to which the organisms give fise sodoku and harverliu fever are commonly refered to as simply rat-bit fever other human body by one or other of the route already mention, the include tularaemia rocky mountain spoiled fever, rickettsia pox Q fever, limphoetin choriomeninggits various haemouriligic fevers and trachinosis having this knowlodge of the pests above based on their biology character medical importance and distribution all over the world, called for their saviours control to reduce the population to such a way that their public health problem they poses become minimized.

2.6  SOME FACTORS THAT ENHANCE THE SURVIVAL OF RAT IN ANY ENVIRONMENT

1.     Improper disposal of waste foods and human excrete through the use of insanities method.

2.     faulty drainage and gutters that have become water logged.

3.     Burld of unused materials, junk and piles o waste papers around the house may serves as shelter harbourage for rodents.

4.     An abandoned Garage warehouse, uncompleted building and unchecked weed that have become bushy, will always provide avenues for rodents to infiltrate in to another place.

                     They move out of their shelter in  the right in search for food and water, but on getting to a suitable place, which is adequate in shelter provision, they may decide to settle in the new place or shuttle between the two places.

5.     Movement of human materials or properties from one location to another may encouraged their disposal from one place to another.

            PREVENSION AND CONTROL OF RODENT 

Mice are considered non-game animals and receive no protection under-existing pertinent legislation. It is usually permissible to control them when necessary but first check with local authorities and on rodenticide label effective prevention and control of mouse involves these aspects of rodents rooting construction sanitation and population reduction.

RODENT ROOTING   

Mouse damage can be reduced by remaining or limiting access to nesting areas, food source and escape and nesting area. Eliminate need and other vegetative as well as debris and litre in and around home building crops, laws and other cultivation areas. Law geass and tuff or orchard grass should be cleared in [3ft], or more from the bases of fees.

                     Indoors remove peded cushions from sotas and chairs and store them on edge or separate from one another or chests and re-inset them up side down. Wherever possible, store bulk foods in sealed, rodent proof containers or rooms, stack bagged or boxed food in orderly row on pallets in a way that allow for thorough inspection for evidence of mice, in storage areas keep stored materials away from walls, sweep floors frequently to permit ready detection of fresh mouse dropping Ditch banks, right of way, and headlands need to be managed properly to control mealow unless which can reach very high numbers adjacent crops can be effectively protected by controlling whereby vegetation through moving grassing or spraying.

SANITATION

                     Good house keeping and good sanitation practice such as proper storage will laid in control by permitting easier detection and increased effectiveness of tarps and baits, mice are very adaptive to living with people they require very little space and only small amount of food mice has been known to inhabitant buildings even before construction has been completed, living off the crumbs and scraps of workers lunches, in officer, house mice may live behind cabinets or furniture granules found on desktop. In homes, mice may find ample food in kitchens garbage can grace and even the dish. Eat only in area designated for food consumption and always clean up afterward, do not invite mice by leaving food item or crumbs out ever night.

Exclusion 

    

Physical barriers can prevent mice from gaming entry to structure where food and shelter are guiaible.exiclude mice seal all hole and open larger than 6mm [1/4inches across. Rodent proofing should be done with heavy materials that will racist rodent growing. These include concrete mortar galvanized sheet metal and heavy gouge hard ware cloth. To protect newly seeded garden plots, use ware-screen caps or bows and press them into the soil several inches. Inverted strawberry baskets may also be used for small plants.

FRIGHTENING DEVICES 

Mice can be frightened by unfamiliar sends or sounds coming from new locations however they soon becomes accustomed to new sound and loss their fear of them. Devices that emit very high frequency signal are uncomfortable to mice and have limit to their direction and travel distance, rapidly losing their intensity after leaving the sources. While it is possible to cause permanent damage to mice with ultrasound, the intensity of such sound most be great that damages to humans or domestic animals will also be likely for these reasons ultrasonic devices are not recommended of effectively scare away mice.

REPELLANTS

                     Mice find some tested and odours offensive but chemical repellent are seldom a practical solution to mouse