PROJECT TOPIC ON CAUSES REMEDY AND CONSEQUENCIES OF UNSANITARY SEWAGE DISPOSAL

ABSRACT

Sewage disposal is the process in which sewage is transported through cities and inhabited areas to sewage treatment plants, where it is then treated to remove contaminants to produce environmentally-safe waste. Disposal of sewage waste protects public health and prevents disease as well as water pollution from sewage contaminants. Many modern cities have sewage disposal systems, and advancing technology has allowed for more environmentally friendly and healthy solutions to disposing and treating sewage. Sewage systems are part of modern infrastructure and urban utilities, which also include gas, electric, and water supply. The major objective of the study is to investigate the cause and remedy off unsanitary disposal off sewage in the prevalence of malaria in OFFA local government area of Kwara state Nigeria. Method use in gathering of data for the project are personal interview, observation and questionnaire, a total number of 50 questionnaires were distributed in the study area. 

CHAPTER ONE                          

1.0 INTRODUCTION

SANITATION is the hygienic means of promoting health through prevention of human contact with the hazards of wastes as well as the treatment and proper disposal of sewage or wastewater. Hazards can be physical, microbiological, biological or chemical agents of disease. Wastes that can cause health problems include human and animal excreta, solid wastes, domestic wastewater (sewage, sullage, greywater), industrial wastes and agricultural wastes. Hygienic means of prevention can be by using engineering solutions (e.g., sanitary sewers, sewage treatment, surface runoff management, solid waste management, excreta management), simple technologies (e.g., pit latrines, dry toilets, urine-diverting dry toilets, septic tanks), or even simply by personal hygiene practices (e.g., hand washing with soap, behavior change).

Providing sanitation to people requires a systems approach, rather than only focusing on the toilet or wastewater treatment plant itself.^[1] The experience of the user, waste collection methods, transportation or conveyance of waste, waste treatment, and reuse or disposal all need to be thoroughly considered.

"Sanitation generally refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and feces. The word 'sanitation' also refers to the maintenance of hygienic conditions, through services such as garbage collection and wastewater disposal.

Sanitation includes all four of these engineering infrastructure items (even though often only the first one is strongly associated with the term "sanitation"): Excreta management systems, wastewater management systems (included here are wastewater treatment plants), solid waste management systems, drainage systems for rainwater, also called stormwater drainage.

There are some slight variations on the definition of sanitation in use. For example, for many organizations, hygiene promotion is seen as an integral part of sanitation. For this reason, the Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council defines sanitation as "The collection, transport, treatment and disposal or reuse of human excreta, domestic wastewater and solid waste, and associated hygiene promotion.

 Despite the fact that sanitation includes wastewater treatment, the two terms are often use side by side as "sanitation and wastewater management". The term sanitation has been connected to several descriptors so that the terms sustainable sanitation, improved sanitation, unimproved sanitation, environmental sanitation, on-site sanitation, ecological sanitation, dry sanitation are all in use today. Sanitation should be regarded with a systems approach in mind which includes collection/containment, conveyance/transport, treatment, disposal or reuse.

The overall purposes of sanitation are to provide a healthy living environment for everyone, to protect the natural resources (such as surface water, groundwater, soil), and to provide safety, security and dignity for people when they defecate or urinate.

Effective sanitation systems provide barriers between excreta and humans in such a way as to break the disease transmission cycle (for example in the case of fecal-borne diseases).^[5] This aspect is visualised with the F-diagram where all major routes of fecal-oral disease transmission begin with the letter F: feces, fingers, flies, fields, fluids, food.

1.1BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The United Nations, during the Millennium Summit in New York in 2000 and the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg, developed the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) aimed at poverty eradication and sustainable development. The specific goal for the year 2015 is to reduce by half the number of people who had no access to proper sanitation in the baseline year of 1990.

In 2004, the Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP) of the World Health Organization (WHO) and of the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) reported that the number of people lacking basic sanitation services rose from 2.1 billion in 2001 to 2.6 billion by 2004. As the JMP and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Human Development Report in 2006 has shown, progress meeting the MDG sanitation target is too slow, with a large gap between the target coverage and the current reality.

There are numerous reasons for this gap. A major one is that sanitation is rarely given political attention received by other topics despite its key importance. Sanitation is not high on the international development agenda, and projects such as those relating to water supply projects are emphasized.

In December 2006, the United Nations General Assembly declared 2008 "The International Year of Sanitation", in recognition of the slow progress being made towards the MDGs sanitation target.^[25] The year aimed to develop awareness and action to meet the target. Particular concerns are:

·         Removing the stigma around sanitation, so that the importance of sanitation can be more easily and publicly discussed.

·         Highlighting the poverty reduction, health and other benefits that flow from better hygiene, household sanitation arrangements and wastewater treatment.

The Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation of WHO and UNICEF has defined improved sanitation as follows:^[26]

·         Flush toilet or flush / pour-flush to a pit latrine with are connected to either a sewer system or a septic system

·         Ventilated improved pit latrine (VIP)

·         Pit latrine with slab

·         Composting toilet.

Despite continued efforts to promote sanitation 40% of the world's population is still without basic sanitation. This number does not tell the whole story, sanitation coverage is often much lower in rural areas than in urban areas. For example, in Africa 84% of urban but only 45% of rural residents have access to basic sanitation. The numbers are similar in Asia where 78% of urban and 31% of rural residents have access to basic sanitation (WHO, 2000). In many cases, improving sanitation can be as simple as installing a well-designed ventilated improved pit latrine (VIP) or composting latrine. However, in other cases, improving sanitation will be more challenging, particularly in rapidly growing urban slums. Moreover, while building improved sanitation facilities is a crucial health intervention, the full health benefits will not be realized without proper use and maintenance of the facilities and good personal and domestic hygiene (Carr and Strauss, 2001).

1.2   STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

While writing the project work, the researcher encountered many problems. Among which is the negative attitude of the  people in the sense that they feel reluctant to give necessary information to help the written of the project, it also give out for a long time to gather some relevant information due to level of  understanding of the people in  area under study.

Another problem encountered in the process of writing this project is the financial constraint which is also one of the problems that affect the written of the research work. Finally time factor is also part of short coming in build-up of the project.

1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The main objective of the study is to carry out a research is to investigate the causes consequences and remedy of unsanitary disposal of sewage in the prevalence of malaria among the people of Offa local government area of Kwara state Nigeria.

1. To investigate into the major causes of improper waste or sewage disposal among the people of Offa

2. To also carry out a research to investigate some major control of unsanitary sewage disposal in OFFA.

3. To investigate the relationship between unsanitary sewage disposal and malaria among the people of Offa.

4. To create awareness among the people of Offa on how to ensure proper sewage disposal and its effect on the wellbeing of the peoples lives.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The significance of this study is to show how unsanitary and improper disposal of sewage causes various diseases in the OFFA most especially malaria.

The main significance of this study to;

1. Attempt to assess the effect of unsanitary disposal of sewage on the prevalence of malaria among the people of Offa local government area of Kwara State.

2. Provide information to broader the knowledge and high degree of awareness about various causes, consequences and remedy of unsanitary sewage disposal among the people of Offa local government Area of Kwara State.

1.5 RESARCH QUESTIONS    

1.  Does improper sewage disposal causes malaria?                

2. Does unsanitary disposal of sewage causes drainage?

3. Does malaria result to loss of people’s lives?

4. Does improper sanitary disposal of sewage have control?

5. Does people of Offa experience unsanitary sewage disposal?

1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

  The research was carried out only in Offa local government area of Kwara State, as geographical coverage, the writer intended to have studied more than that, but because of financial commitments of the writer and the extra time that would be allotted in attempt to assess the causes, consequences and remedy of unsanitary disposal of sewage in the prevalence of malaria among the people of Offa alone hindered a further study.

The content of the study focuses on the investigation into the causes, consequences and remedy of unsanitary disposal of sewage in the prevalence of malaria among the people of Offa local government area of Kwara State Nigeria.

1.8 OPERATIONAL DEFINATION OF TERMS

1. MALARIA

2. WASTE MATERIAL

3. SEWAGE

4. UNSANITARY

5. PREVELENCE

2.0 CHAPTER TWO

2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

Sanitation facilities interrupt the transmission of faecal-oral disease at its most important source by preventing human faecal contamination of water and soil.  Unsanitary sewage disposal practices are responsible for a significant proportion of the world’s malaria infection. Diseases due to poor water supply, improper sanitation, personal and domestic hygiene cause 4.0% of all deaths and 5.7% of all disability or ill health in the world. This burden is not distributed equally; waterborne illnesses predominantly affect the poor and the young. However, when basic water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions are applied, waterborne illnesses can be effectively reduced. Low cost interventions such as composting latrines can be used to reduce the transmission of many diseases.

Municipal sewage is a mixture of human excreta and household wastewater that is transported via pipes to a treatment or disposal point. In many areas, municipal sewage is often mixed with industrial waste. Sewerage systems are common in industrialised countries and often occur in urban areas of less-industrialised countries. In some regions very little wastewater receives treatment before it is discharged into the environment. In Africa, virtually no wastewater receives treatment before it is discharged. In other regions, rates of treatment are not much better, for example, in the Latin America and Caribbean Region only 14% of wastewater is treated, while in Asia approximately 35% of wastewater is treated before it is disposed of in the environment (WHO 2000b). Problems in waste disposal are not confined to less-industrialised countries. Industrialized countries also need to improve their sewage, excreta, and sludge management practices. In North America 10% and in Europe 34% of wastewater is not treated before it is discharged into the environment (WHO, 2000b). In the United States of America, the number of detected waterborne disease outbreaks and the number of affected individuals per outbreak has increased since 1940 (Hunter, 1997). Similarly, water quality monitoring of major European rivers indicates that average coli form levels - the organism present in human, animal and bird excreta - have been steadily increasing for decades (Meybeck et al. 1990).

Currently, water-borne sanitation systems typically use 50 to 100 litres of water to remove 1-1.5 litres of human excreta per person per day (Jönsson, 1997; Van der Ryn, 1995). Moreover, most of this water is used to remove urine (urine makes up 90% of the volume of excreta) which poses little threat to human health (Esrey, 2000). In this type of system, a small amount of faeces then contaminates a large amount of water and nutrients that could be useful locally are washed away into other areas (or removed at great expense in a treatment system) where they concentrate. High levels of nutrients cause environmental damage and exacerbate the growth of potentially toxin-producing algae. Clearly, sustainable sanitation alternatives are needed.

For any social and economic development, adequate sanitation in conjunction with good hygiene and safe water are essential to good health. Lack of proper sanitation causes diseases. Most of the diseases resulting from sanitation have a direct relation to poverty. The lack of clean water and poor sanitation causes many diseases and the spread of diseases. It is estimated that inadequate sanitation is responsible for 4.0 percent of deaths and 5.7 percent of disease burden worldwide.^[7]

Lack of sanitation is a serious issue that is affecting most developing countries and countries in transition. The importance of the isolation of excreta and waste lies in an effort to prevent diseases which can be transmitted through human waste, which afflict both developed countries as well as developing countries to differing degrees.

It is estimated that up to 5 million people die each year from preventable waterborne diseases,^[8] as a result of inadequate sanitation and hygiene practices. The effects of sanitation has impacted the society of people throughout history.^[9] Sanitation is a necessity for a healthy life.^[10]

Diarrhea plays a significant role: Deaths resulting from diarrhea are estimated to be between 1.6 and 2.5 million deaths every year. Most of the affected are young children below the ages of five. Children suffering from diarrhea are more vulnerable to become underweight (due to stunted growth) which makes them more vulnerable to other diseases such as acute respiratory infections and malaria.

Numerous studies have shown that improvements in drinking water and sanitation (WASH) lead to decreased risks of diarrhea. Such improvements might include for example use of water filters, provision of high-quality piped water and sewer connections.

Open defecation - or lack of sanitation - is a major factor in causing various diseases, most notably diarrhea and intestinal worm infections.^[12][13] For example, infectious diarrhea resulted in about 0.7 million deaths in children under five years old in 2011 and 250 million lost school days. It can also lead to malnutrition and stunted growth in children. Open defecation is a leading cause of diarrheal death; 2,000 children under the age of five die every day, one every 40 seconds, from diarrhea.

The combination of direct and indirect deaths from malnutrition caused by unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) practices is estimated by the World Health Organization to lead to 860,000 deaths per year in children under five years of age. The multiple interdependencies between malnutrition and infectious diseases make it very difficult to quantify the portion of malnutrition that is caused by infectious diseases which are in turn caused by unsafe WASH practices. However, based on expert opinions and a literature survey, researchers at WHO arrived at the conclusion that approximately half of all cases of malnutrition (which often leads to stunting) in children under five is associated with repeated diarrhoea or intestinal worm infections Mas a result of unsafe water, inadequate sanitation or insufficient hygiene.^[6]

DISEASES CAUSED BY LACK OF SANITATION

Relevant diseases and conditions caused by lack of sanitation and hygiene include:

·         Waterborne diseases, which can contaminate drinking water

·         Diseases transmitted by the fecal-oral route

o    Infections with intestinal helminths (worms) - approximately two billion people are infected with soil-transmitted helminths worldwide; they are transmitted by eggs present in human faeces which in turn contaminate soil in areas where sanitation is poor.^[16]

·         Stunted growth in children

·         Malnutrition, particularly in children

The list of diseases that could be reduced with proper access to sanitation and hygiene practices is very long. For example in India, 15 diseases have been listed which could be stamped out by improving sanitation:^[17]

1.  Anaemia, malnutrition

2.  Ascariasis (a type of intestinal worm infection)

3.  Campylobacteriosis

4.  Cholera

5.  Cyanobacteria toxins

6.  Dengue

7.  Hepatitis

8.  Japanese encephalitis (JE)

9.  Leptospirosis

10.Malaria

11.Ringworm or Tinea (a type of intestinal worm infection)

12.Scabies

13.Schistosomiasis

14.Trachoma

15.Typhoid and paratyphoid enteric fevers

Polio is another disease which is related to improper sanitation and hygiene.

Indicator organisms

When analysing environmental samples, various types of indicator organisms are used to check for fecal pollution of the sample. Commonly used indicators for bacteriological water analysis include the bacterium Escherichia coli (abbreviated as E. coli) and non-specific fecal coliforms. With regards to samples of soil, sewage sludge, biosolids or fecal matter from dry toilets, helminth eggs are a commonly used indicator. Viable helminth eggs can be extracted from the samples and counted.

The term sanitation is connected with various descriptors to signify certain types of sanitation systems. Here they are shown in alphabetical order:

Community-led total sanitation

Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) is an approach to achieve behavior change in mainly rural people by a process of "triggering", leading to spontaneous and long-term abandonement of open defecation practices. CLTS takes an approach to rural sanitation that works without hardware subsidies and that facilitates communities to recognize the problem of open defecation and take collective action to clean up and become "open defecation free".

Dry sanitation

The term "dry sanitation" is somewhat misleading as sanitation includes handwashing and can never be "dry". A more precise term would be "dry excreta management". When people speak of "dry sanitation" they usually mean sanitation systems with dry toilets with urine diversion, in particular the urine-diverting dry toilet (UDDT).

Ecological sanitation

Ecological sanitation, which is commonly abbreviated to ecosan, is an approach, rather than a technology or a device which is characterized by a desire to "close the loop" (mainly for the nutrients and organic matter) between sanitation and agriculture in a safe manner. Put in other words: "Ecosan systems safely recycle excreta resources (plant nutrients and organic matter) to crop production in such a way that the use of non-renewable resources is minimized". When properly designed and operated, ecosan systems provide a hygienically safe, economical, and closed-loop system to convert human excreta into nutrients to be returned to the soil, and water to be returned to the land. Ecosan is also called resource-oriented sanitation.

Environmental sanitation

Environmental sanitation is the control of environmental factors that form links in disease transmission. Subsets of this category are solid waste management, water and wastewater treatment, industrial waste treatment and noise and pollution control.

Improved and unimproved sanitation

Improved sanitation and unimproved sanitation refers to the management of human feces at the household level. This terminology is the indicator used to describe the target of the Millennium Development Goal on sanitation, by the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation.

Lack of sanitation

Lack of sanitation refers to the absence of sanitation. In practical terms it usually means lack of toilets or lack of hygienic toilets that anybody would want to use voluntarily. The result of lack of sanitation is usually open defecation (and open urination but this is of less concern) with the associated serious public health issues.

On-site sanitation

Further information: Onsite sewage facility

On-site sanitation, also called decentralized sanitation, is a system where the treatment of excreta or sewage takes place at the same location where it is generated. Examples are pit latrines, septic tanks, and Imhoff tanks. A septic tank and drain field combination is the oldest and most common type of on-site sewage facility in the U.S., although newer aerobic and biofilter units exist which represent scaled down versions of municipal sewage treatment plants.

Sustainable sanitation

Sustainable sanitation is a term that has been defined with five sustainability criteria by the Sustainable Sanitation Alliance. In order to be sustainable, a sanitation system has to be not only (i) economically viable, (ii) socially acceptable, and (iii) technically and (iv) institutionally appropriate, it should also (v) protect the environment and the natural resources.^[19] The main objective of a sanitation system is to protect and promote human health by providing a clean environment and breaking the cycle of disease.

Wastewater management

Collection

The standard sanitation technology in urban areas is the collection of wastewater in sewers, its treatment in wastewater treatment plants for reuse or disposal in rivers, lakes or the sea. Sewers are either combined with storm drains or separated from them as sanitary sewers. Combined sewers are usually found in the central, older parts or urban areas. Heavy rainfall and inadequate maintenance can lead to combined sewer overflows or sanitary sewer overflows, i.e., more or less diluted raw sewage being discharged into the environment. Industries often discharge wastewater into municipal sewers, which can complicate wastewater treatment unless industries pre-treat their discharges.^[20]

The high investment cost of conventional wastewater collection systems are difficult to afford for many developing countries. Some countries have therefore promoted alternative wastewater collection systems such as condominial sewerage, which uses pipes with smaller diameters at lower depth with different network layouts from conventional sewerage

Treatment of sewage

Centralized treatment

In developed countries treatment of municipal wastewater is now widespread, but not yet universal (for an overview of technologies see wastewater treatment). In developing countries most wastewater is still discharged untreated into the environment. For example, in Latin America only about 15% of collected sewage is being treated (see water and sanitation in Latin America)

On-site treatment, decentralized treatment

In many suburban and rural areas households are not connected to sewers. They discharge their wastewater into septic tanks or other types of on-site sanitation. On-site systems include drain fields, which require significant area of land. This makes septic systems unsuitable for most cities.

Constructed wetlands are another example for a possible decentralized treatment option.

Disposal or reuse of treated wastewater

The reuse of untreated or partially treated wastewater in irrigated agriculture is common in developing countries. The reuse of treated wastewater in landscaping, especially on golf courses, irrigated agriculture and for industrial use is becoming increasingly widespread.

Solid waste disposal

Disposal of solid waste is most commonly conducted in landfills, but incineration, recycling, composting and conversion to bio fuels are also avenues. In the case of landfills, advanced countries typically have rigid protocols for daily cover with topsoil, where underdeveloped countries customarily rely upon less stringent protocols.^[21] The importance of daily cover lies in the reduction of vector contact and spreading of pathogens. Daily cover also minimises odor emissions and reduces windblown litter. Likewise, developed countries typically have requirements for perimeter sealing of the landfill with clay-type soils to minimize migration of leachate that could contaminate groundwater (and hence jeopardize some drinking water supplies).

For incineration options, the release of air pollutants, including certain toxic components is an attendant adverse outcome. Recycling and bio fuel conversion are the sustainable options that generally have superior lifecycle costs, particularly when total ecological consequences are considered.^[22] Composting value will ultimately be limited by the market demand for compost product.

Food preparation

Sanitation within the food industry means the adequate treatment of food-contact surfaces by a process that is effective in destroying vegetative cells of microorganisms of public health significance, and in substantially reducing numbers of other undesirable microorganisms, but without adversely affecting the food or its safety for the consumer (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Code of Federal Regulations, 21CFR110, USA). Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures are mandatory for food industries in United States, which are regulated by 9 CFR part 416 in conjunction with 21 CFR part 178.1010. Similarly, in Japan, food hygiene has to be achieved through compliance with food sanitation law.^[23]

In the food and biopharmaceutical industries, the term "sanitary equipment" means equipment that is fully cleanable using clean-in-place (CIP) and sterilization-in-place (SIP) procedures: that is fully drainable from cleaning solutions and other liquids. The design should have a minimum amount of dead leg, or areas where the turbulence during cleaning is insufficient to remove product deposits.^[24] In general, to improve cleanability, this equipment is made from Stainless Steel 316L, (an alloy containing small amounts of molybdenum). The surface is usually electropolished to an effective surface roughness of less than 0.5 micrometre to reduce the possibility of bacterial adhesion.     

REMEDY FOR UNSANITARY SEWAGE DISPOSAL

 The many attempts at tackling the problem of the unsanitary collection and disposal of waste in the MMA have been ineffective, unsuccessful and basically flawed as evidenced by the lack of a structured intervention program or system. Thus, the approaches need to be revised to be more effective so that in the final analysis, this process produces a workable system. The major stakeholders, the local Public Health officials including the municipal authorities, the international community and the MMA communities each bring a unique approach that could help resolve this problem. One critical approach mentioned above has been the reluctance of the local officials to capitalize and improve the prewar waste model system. The model poses a tremendous advantage for the local public health practitioners and municipalities in engaging international counterparts for support for revitalization and improvement of the plan. To date, there has been no available resource recommending this approach. Another method used by the public health officials is the ineffective use of waste management workshops and the media. The message these outlets are trying to convey is unclear. The outcomes of these activities should produce clear public health campaign messages that directly provide information on what the public needs to do to combat the waste problem in their communities. Promotion of mass hygiene campaigns should be the key message of these venues, but such is not the case. Instead, published articles and media houses fill news spaces with worthless workshop information that derive no beneficial outcome. Another stakeholder, the municipal authorities have a unique opportunity here to make the case to the international community and aggressively engage donors for funding, logistical and manpower support for a waste management project. The foresight to engage the international community more effectively and aggressively is completely lacking. The use of an aggressive media advocacy program to combat the tolerance of piles of waste and garbage in the communities can be approached from that perspective emphasizing the utmost importance of a disease free community. However, the current behavior and attitude of the MMA residents towards their environment leave much to be desired. A major problem that the public health and municipal authorities will face is the development of an effective approach towards an appropriate intervention program that directly addresses the behavioral changes and perceptions of the community.

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 RESESARCH METHOLOGY

3.1 RESAERCH DESIGN   

The main purpose of this research work is to carry out a study on the  CAUSES REMEDY AND CONSEQUENCIES OF UNSANITARY SEWAGE DISPOSAL among the people of Offa local government area of Kwara State Nigeria.

Data collection in any research is very important aspect for the research to obtain adequate data collection for the purpose and to collect reliable information about the topics the research made on.

3.2 STUDY POPULATION

The population for this study comprises of some people in part of Offa, were dully observed and interviewed.

3. SAMPLE SELECTION

The sample used is sample randomly techniques, people were chosen by sample random techniques in some chosen area of Offa [Nigeria].

The questionnaires produce is 50 copies, all the copies distributed to the people in the study area.

Some were chosen for interview by random sampling and those seen for observation.

 3.4 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

Different instrument were used in collecting facts on this study, the following were the instruments used.

ü Questionnaires

ü Interview

ü Observation

ü Oral interview were also conducted.

3.5 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS

The data collected through various researches cannot do without coming across some difficulties, some of which are highlighted as follows:

1)  Lack of co operation on the part of some  people sample for the interview

2)  Lack of education on the part of some of the  people to complete questionnaires 

3)  The distance covered which make the researcher spent more money than initially budgeted for.

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION

The researcher of this project has distributed 50 questionnaires to the people with the age range between 25 -35

SECTION A

TABLE 1: Sex of the respondents

SEX	FREQUENCY	PERCENTAGE
MALE	34	68%
FEMALE	16	32%
TOTAL	50	100%

The above table shown that male respondents were 68% while female respondents were 32%, that is shown that majority of respondents were male.

TABLE 2: Age of the respondents

AGE	FREQUENCY	PERCENTAGE
15 -25	20	40%
26 – 35	18	36%
36 – AND ABOVE	12	24%
TOTAL	50	100%

The above table shows that age 15-25years were 40%, age 26-35years respondents were 36 and above respondents were 24%, this shows that majority of the respondents belong to 15-25 years of age.

TABLE 3: OCCUPATION OF THE RESPONDENTS

OCCUPTION	FREQUENCY	PERCENTAGE
STUDENT	22	44%
TRADING	10	20%
CIVIL SERVANT	18	36%
TOTAL	50	100%

The above table shows that 32% of the respondents were students, 32% of the respondents were traders and 36% were civil servant, this show that majority of the respondents were civil servant.

TABLE 4: RELIGIONS STATUS OF THERESPONDENTS

RELIGION	FREQUENCY	PERCENTAGE
ISLAM	20	40%
CHRISTIANITY	19	38%
TRADITIONAL	11	22%
TOTAL	50	100%

The above table shows that 40% were Muslims, 38% respondents were Christian and 22% respondents were traditional. This show that majority of the respondents were Muslim

TABLE 5: MARITL STATUS OF THE RESPONDENTS

MARITAL STATUS	FREQUENCY	PERCENTAGE
SINGLE	16	32%
MARRIED	18	36%
DIVORCE	9	18%
WIDOW	7	14%
TOTAL	50	100%

 The table above shows that 32% respondents were single, 36% respondents were married, 18% respondents were divorce and 14% respondents were widow, this show that majority of the respondents were married.

SECTION B: DATA ANALYSIS

TABLE 1:  Does improper sewage disposal causes malaria?

RESPONSE	FREQUENCY	PERCENTAGE
YES	32	64%
NO	18	36%
TOTAL	50	100%

The above table shows that 64% respondents said Yes while 36 respondents said No, this shows that improper sewage disposal causes malaria.

TABLE 2:  Does unsanitary disposal of sewage causes drainage?

RESPONSE	FREQUENCY	PERCENTAGE
YES	25	50%
NO	25	50%
TOTAL	50	100%

  The above table shows that 50% of the respondents reply Yes also the other 50% reply No. This show that majority of the respondents believed that unsanitary sewage disposal can result to drainage while some of them did not believe.

TABLE 4: Does malaria result to loss of people’s lives?

RESPONSE	FREQUENCY		PERCENTAGE
YES		31		62%
NO		19		38%
TOTAL		50		100%

The above table shows that 62% of the respondents agreed that malaria result to the loss of lives, while 38% do not agreed. This shows that malaria is a deadly disease.

TABLE 5: Does improper sanitary disposal of sewage have control?

RESPONSE	FREQUENCY	PERCENTAGE
YES	37	74%
NO	13	26%
TOTAL	50	100%

The table above shows that 74% of the respondents said yes while 26% said No. This shows that improper disposal of sewage in the society.

TABLE 6: Does people of Offa experience unsanitary sewage disposal?

RESPONSE	FREQUENCY	PERCENTAGE
YES	25	50%
NO	25	50%
TOTAL	50	100%

The above table shows that 50% of the respondents experience dentistry pain while the other 50% do not. This shows that majority of people in Offa have in Offa experienced unsanitary sewage disposal.

                                                                                                

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1SUMMARY

 SEWAGE if left in an unsanitary conditions without proper disposal management, can cause diseases and lead to infections, even epidemics more especially MALARIA which is the major concern this research work. Open dumpsters and uncontrolled garbage become breeding grounds for insects, pests, snakes and rats that can infect children who play near these areas or carry them into houses they frequent. Skin diseases, eye problems, diarrhea, typhoid, scabies, cholera, intestinal parasites are only some health risks that are created by the unsanitary disposal of waste.

 

5.2 CONCLUSION

Despite the present concerns of individuals and the government about waste management in Nigeria as a whole, OFFA is still faced with serious solid waste management problems. From observation, domestic and municipal solid wastes are commonly found in  OFFA. Domestic waste comes from activities such as cooking and from human excreta. Municipal wastes are the trash from commercial establishments, small industries, and households. These include tins, plastic products, and polythene bags. These form the greater part of the waste observed on the streets, in gutters, and the back of houses in OFFA.

Containers for storing solid wastes in homes include old buckets, baskets, plastic containers, boxes, sacks, and even polythene bags, which in most cases have no lids. Hence, the wastes are even spread around before they get to the sanitary sites. Solid waste, when treated well, can be turned into a resource, but the greater part of wastes generated in OFFA seem not to undergo any treatment before their final disposal. They are left in piles for weeks.    

5.3RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the findings of the study, the following recommendations are made.

1.  The public should be educated by the AMA on  proper sewage disposal and its related issues. Basically, hygiene practices should be taught especially on radios, televisions, in news papers, and in schools to educate people on proper ways of handling sewage in order to avoid the spread of malaria in the society and keeping the surrounding clean.

2.  Stricter enforcement of byelaws should be ensured by the AMA where administrative penalties for minor violations should be taken with urgency.

3.  The byelaws on sanitation should be made to require every landlord to provide an environmentally friendly toilet facility in his house.

4.  The AMA should make it a responsibility of introducing the use of standard bins with lid for domestic and commercial use to the people in OFFA.

5.  People should develop proper attitudes and perception towards sewage handling, which should be achieved through both formal and informal education.

6.  The government, donor countries, Nongovernmental Organisations (NGO) and other stakeholders should be encouraged to donate money and equipment to the WMD to enable the department acquire effective and efficient personnel and equipment.

7.  Worker dealing with solid waste in Nima should be residents of the area. With this, they would be more responsible for their job and be comfortable with the people.

8.  The community should adopt a self-help approach to solve the problem. Much can be achieved when the various communities mobilize themselves and organize periodic clean up exercises and by contributing financially to support the exercise, the residents can also act as watch dogs and make sure that they themselves adhere to proper waste disposal practices.

9.  The chiefs and other opinion leaders must be given additional roles to play in ensuring environmental cleanliness. This can be done by authorizing the chiefs in each area or community to take up the additional job of ensuring clean environmental practices with the youth playing an important role.

10.The women should be made to play an important role as it has been realized that women do a greater part of solid waste handling and disposal in the community.

It is hoped that these recommendations, when considered for action by the government, local authorities, and the people themselves would help address the unsanitary problems and its related issues in more especially in OFFA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KWARA STATE.